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ACID: Acids are the substance which when dissolve in water give hydrogen ion or hydronium ion .


Acids are classified into two category on the basis of their occurrence:

Organic acid  : the acids which obtained from the nature and in living things and plants called organic acid.For Example vinegar, citric acid in lemon.

Inorganic acid: the acids which are obtained from the minerals of earth crust called inorganic acid.for Example sulphuric acic, hyrochloric acid.

on the basis of their strength:

Weak acid: The acid which do not dissociate completely when dissolve in water. for example acetic acid

Strong Acid: The acid which completely dissociate in dissolve in water and give more concentration on hydrogen ion. For example hydrochloric acid.

on the basis of their concentration:

Concentrated Acid: chemical in which more amount of acid less amount of water.

Weak acid : Chemical in which less amount of acid and more amount of water

on the basis of their basicity:

Monobasic acid: the acis which give only one hyrogen ion when dissociate in water example hydrochloric acid

Diabasic Acid:  The acid which give two hydrogen ion when dissolve in water for example sulphuric acid

Tribasic Acid: The acid which give three hydrogen ion when dissolve in water for example phosphoric acid.

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MAGNET IS OF TWO TYPES

• NATURAL MAGNET
• ARTIFICIAL MAGNET

NATURAL MAGNET: Magnet which occur in nature naturally called natural magnet. example loadstone etc
ARTIFICIAL MAGNET: Magnet which do not occur in nature and made by artificial mean by man called artificial magnet. example electromagnet.


now artificial magnet is of two type


PERMANENT MAGNET: Magnet which do not loose its magnetism even after when the cause producing them is removed. example horse shoe magnet.


TEMPORARY MAGNET : Magnet which do not loose its magnetism even after cause producing then is removed example electro magnet.

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Now, today here we will discuss about all properties of MAGNET


A magnet is a substance that attract magnetic substance like iron, nickle and cobalt towards itself and this property of magnet due to which it attacts magnetic thing towards itself is called magnetism. The term magnet comes from a greek word 'magnesia' the discovery of magnet is related to a very interesting story happened in magnesia, a city in greece. Once, there was a shepherd, who takes his sheeps on a hill, where there is large mountains of magnet. One day he observed that the iron plate on his shoe sole gets attracted towards that mountain, then he came to village and told the villager about this whole phenomenon and this led to the discovery of magnet.


Properties of magnet - 

1.  If a magnet is suspended freely, it always direct towards the north, south direction.

2. Opposite pole of magnet attracts each other.

3. Same pole of magnet repels each other

4. If we cut any magnet into two pieces , the each piece of magnet will behave like a complete magnet in itself, it means no isolated pole can exist.

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If we want to open a cold drink bottle or to remove outer covering of coconut we use some devices like bottle opener or a sharp pointed rod and by using all these things our work become easy simple and faster and all these devices which make our work easy and faster is known as machine.
machine is of two type:

• Simple machine
• complex machine

simple machine: a device having one or no moving parts is called simple machine. example scisscor, plier etc.
Complex machine:

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Moon is the natural satellite of Earth. It rotates around the earth on its axis, it complete its one rotation in 29.4 days and this time period is called lunar month. The moon does not have its own light, it gets the light from sun which is reflected from its surface, if we talk about its surface, it is very rough, it is not very smooth, it has so many holes, mountains, valleys on its surface, the mountains are very high and sharp. Holes are made by heavenly bodies which strikes on its surface during space troubles. A long narrow valleys on the moon is called rills and the deep holes on the moon surface is known as  craters. If we have 48 kg weight on earth, then on moon, it will be 8 kg, so what is the difference if something loose in our body, when we went to moon, answer is - certainly not, it is the force of gravity due to which our weight will become less as moon has 1/6th gravity of that of earth.




Phases of Moon


We can see moon daily in the sky at night and we also notice that its shape is always differ from the previous one, day by day,  So this changes in the shape of the moon is called phases of moon. There are two main phases of moon known as


NO MOON- When the moon is completely dark just because of no sunlight falls on its surface, according to its rotation time period, is known as No moon phase


FULL MOON- When the moon is completely bright, is called full moon.


The condition in which size of the moon is increasing is called waxing on the 4th day, less than one half portion of the moon is visible is called waxing, creacent,

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Time plays an important role in our life. We work according to the time given to us. If we are not able to finish our work in time, we are not able to manage our life also.

The sun gives us the idea of time. It is morning when the sun rises in the sky. After sometime, the sun appears high up in the sky, it is noon. When the sun is about to set, it is evening. When the moon appears in the sky or when it is completely dark, it is night.

We use watch or a clock to measure time. There are twenty-four hours in a day. An hour has sixty minutes. Each minute has sixty seconds. There are four or five weeks in a month. There are seven days in a week. There are twelve months in a year. There are thirty or thirty-one days in a month. There are 365/366 days in a year. Time is very precious for all of us.

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FORCE IS OF FOLLOWING TYPES:

• MASCULAR FORCE
• MECHANICAL FORCE
• MAGNETIC FORCE
• GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
• FRICTIONAL FORCE

MASCULAR FORCE: If we want to lift a weight we will use our muscle or to lift a heavy object we use our muscle so the force exerted by the muscle of the body is called muscular force.

MECHANICAL FORCE: The force produced by the machine is called mechanical force. for example we switch on any button of any washing machine it will wash the cloth.

MAGNETIC FORCE: If we take a bar of magnet and bring the magnet near the iron nail the iron nails get attracted toward the magnet and this force exerted by magnet is called magnetic force.

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE: If we through any ball or any piece of stone it will come back to ground it mean earth attracted the ball and stone and any other thing toward itself and this force of attraction exerted by earth on all the things is known as gravitational force.

FRICTIONAL FORCE: If we roll a ball on the ground it will stop after traveling some distance it mean there is some force which make the ball stop from its motion and this force is known as frictional force so frictional is defined as the force which opposes the motion of one body over another when the two bodied are in contact with each other.

ELASTIC FORCE:When we stretched a rubber band its shape will be change, and when we remove the force, it will come back to its original position, so the force which changes the shape of the body temporary such that the body regains its original shape after removing the force is called elastic force.

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE- The force exerted by charges at rest, for example when you rub the comb on dry hairs, the charge present on the board comes in motion and starts conduct electricity that's why the hair gets attracted toward the comb.


ELECTRICAL FORCE -  The force exerted by charges in motion, for eg- electricity flows in any conductor

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Force is defined as push or pull which change or tends to change the position of the object. The effects of the force are mentioned below;-


1. Force can change the shape of an object , for example when we squeeze a toothpaste , a shaving cream or any tube, its shape will be change physically.

2. Force can also change the direction of motion of an object, for example a crickter can change the direction of a cricket ball by hitting with the bat.

3. Force can change the speed of  an object, for example, you can increase or decrease the speed of the cycle by paddling

4. Force can bring the object from rest to motion , for example - if a book is lying on the table, we can bring it in motion by pushing or by pulling it.


5. Force can brings an object from motion to rest, for example - a toy car is moving and we can stop that car by push or pull.

Force is a vector quantity, as it has both magnitude and direction.
Unit of the force is NEWTON and in CGS , it is dyne, we can calculate force by the formula F= m X a
where 'm' is the mass of an object and 'a' is the acceleration.

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Skeleon sytem is the system of our body which supports and give shape to our body. The main parts of our skeleton system are -

BONES AND CARTILAGE

Bone is defined as the hard connective tissue made up of calcium and phosphorus salt and Cartilage is the very soft bony structure which made up of flexible tissues. There are 206 bones present in our body. In an infant, there are 350 bones are present which are very small as we grown up, all the bones are fused together which after that remains only 206. Our skeleton system having four parts.

First part is known as SKULL - It is a structure of eight flattened bones joint together which gives shape to our head, skull also protects our brain. Skull is divided into two parts, the upper part is known as caranium which having 8 bones and second part is known as facial which contains 12 bones, the only movable part of skull is lower jaw.

Second part is our CHEST REGION - Chest region consists of Ribcage (24 bones, it protects our heart and lungs) and spine (it protects our spinal cord and is made up of 33 small ring like structure which is known as vertebrae.

Third part is our LEGS AND ARMS- which helps in movement of our whole body, there are 60 bones present in our arms and 60 bones present in our legs.

Fourth part is our PELVIS REGION- in which four bones are present and which keeps our backbone in proper posture.

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Now, in this topic we will go through the process of our respiratory system, how it work out. Respiratory system is the second main system of our body. Its function is to purify the blood and to supply it into the whole body through heart. Respiration is the process which supports breathing in which  we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
The main organs of respiratory system are
NOSE
WIND PIPE (TRACHEA)
LUNGS
BRONCHUS
BRONCHITIS
BRONCULES
ALVEOLI


Oxygen enters in our body through the nose and it goes through windpipe, when wind pipe is divided into two ie. known as Bronchitis. When bronchitis are further divided into branches, they are known as bronchus. And bronchus is again divided into broncules At the ends of the broncules, there are small rounded knot like structure, they are known as Alveoli. All these broncules and alveoli are present in lungs. As the oxygen enters into the windpipe, it will goes through bronchus into our lungs, exchange of gases takes place in the lungs through alveolie by the process of diffusion, which results in emission of carbon dioxide. As alveoli are surrounded by so many veins which carry impure blood (the blood which carries carbon dioxide). Now, as concentration of carbon dioxide in the veins are more than in the alvoelie, so it will move from higher concentration to lower concentration area and as concentration of oxygen is more in the alvoelie than veins, so oxygen will move from alveolie to vein and mixes with blood. By this process blood is purified and send back to heart and carbon dioxide is thrown out from our body.

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Here I will discuss digestive system with you. it is main system of our body. It digest food and give energy to our body.The main organs of our digestive system are mouth, oesophagus (food pipe), stomach, small intestine, large intestine,  lever,and anus.we eat food through our mouth as food enters in our body through our mouth food breaks into smaller pieces and mixes with saliva.so that it can easily swallowed and it reaches to stomach through oesophagus. food pipe just act as a path which passe. then foods the food to stomach there is no change in the the food in the oesophagus. when food reaches to stomach it mixes with different digestive juices.the  food is churned in the stomach.Just like as spices churned in the mixer. After churning food goes into small intestine where actual digestion of food take place. It absorbs all the water and nutrients from the food and supply it to the whole body through the blood.After it, the food goes into large intestine, where remaining water is absorbed from food and waste is thrown from our body through anus.

Diseases of digestive system

Constipation
Stomach ache
Loose motion
Vomiting
Gastric problem

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Categories of Food

• Energy giving food 

• Body building food

• Fatty food

Energy giving food - Now if we see a labourer class , what he normally eats, he eats only two or three chapatis with some pickle and he can do alots of physical work, it means that chapati has that content in it which gives a labourer so much energy and the name of that content is carbohydrates. So the food which give you the energy is known as the energy giving food and nutrient is known as energy giving nutrient, and sources of carbohydrates are chapati, bread, rice, potatoes etc.


Body building food - Now when we see a advertizement that all the milk drinks like horlicks, complan, boost and other energy drinks, they does normally show that these energy drinks helps in child growth because it contains a lot of protein which helps in your good growth, it means protein is the neccessary source for our growth and the food which makes our body and growth that is known as body bulding food and protein is known as body building nutrient
Sources of proteins are  milk, egg, soyabean, pulses etc.
Proteins are not stored in our body like carbohydrate for later use


Fatty food -   All the oily food known as fatty  food like butter, ghee, oil refined, dalda, junk food, fried food etc. All these foods give you twice energy as that given by carbohydrate. They also store in our body for later use. Excess of fats makes our body bulky and also increase our chlorestrol.

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Food is the main source of energy of all living organisms. Energy spent when we do some work. Food performs different functions in our body in our daily routine. 

• It repair all the damage tissues and cells.
• It helps in our growth
• It helps in maintain our different life processes like excreation, swetting, digestion etc. 
• It keeps our body fits and energetic 

And the daily food we eat is known as diet. Now as like when your mother prepare food for you, she makes different varieties like salad, curd, vegetable, pulses, rice, chapati, etc. so that we can get proper amount of all the nutrients and minerals and the food  which contains all the nutrients in proper amount is known as balanced diet.

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Today, we are discussing about the parts of flowers. A flower is the most attractive and beautiful part of plant which attract the insects for polination, which further reproduce more flower. A flower basically has four whorls i.e. seppal, petal, androecium and gynoecium. Sepal is the outer green leaf like structure which protects the flower at budstage. Petal is the colorful part of flower. Androecium is the male part of flower which consist of filament and anther.


Polan grains are produced in polan sacs which is present in anther. Polan grains are yellow colored powdery substance which further help in fertilization. Gynoecium is the female part of the flower consists of stigma, style and ovary. Style is the long tubeless structure from which polan grains travels from stigma to ovary. ovary contains ovules which after fertilization changes into seeds.  And ovary changes into fruits.